Science
without denominations.
It is impossible to touch on the theme
(concerned the possibility scientific papers publication) when we continue to
discuss the citation index (see “Chemistry and Life”, 2004, ¹ 12 and 2005, ¹
4). It happened that not long ago we have received a letter from the scientific
worker (from the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Siberian
Department of Russian Academy of Sciences) Shagaev Alexander. He and his
Spanish colleague Juan R. González-Álvarez have begin project devoted to the revision
of the system of publication and estimation of scientific papers. The following
reasons were their motives to start this crusade:
1) A big time time domain (from 3 month to 1
year and even more) between submission and publication of scientific papers.
2) The decision about a paper publication is
taken by the anonymous reviewers. It is impossible to contend with them very
often. They can’t know everything and they practically aren’t “absolutely
impartial”.
Express monopolism of separated scientific
directions takes place, also. So, the representatives of alternative points of
view can’t publish their results, because their results don’t correspond to the
“common” point of view.
3) The editors try to save the quality of scientific
papers when they review any scientific paper. However, the quality is the
subjective criterion. Practically all first papers of Nobel Prize laureates
were at first rejected by the reviewers. Even John Maddox (the previous
editor-in-chief of the “Nature”) said onetime “if Isaac Newton had submitted
his theory of gravitation these days, his work would be rejected for
peer-review publication”. Today is much
more difficult to publish a
revolutionary scientific paper in a high-quality journal that 50 years
ago.
4) Young scientists, with little established
track record, find it hard to place printed papers in the “top” tier journals.
5) Some journals and their papers are
inaccessible, due to their exorbitant price (The student rate for the single
ACS biochemistry journal is over $350.
6) The High scientific organizations in some
countries(e.g. High Certifying Commission in Russia) refuse to consider the
independent scientists papers, in Internet, (even published at the leading
foreign scientific centers sites) as scientific papers.
The project authors think that all the
system is the the nutrient medium for different illustrations of “corruption” (e.g. contractual defense of
scientific degrees, squandering of financial resources, premeditated rejection
of papers agreeing with alternative points of reviewer owns). This situation is
the reason of the leaving science by young and active scientific workers,
specially in those fields where there just one standard point of view that is
hard controlled by a number of “leading” scientists. The project author
(Alexander Shagaev) believes that jeremiads of leaders of scientific
organizations (in such countries like Russia) about small financing are right
only in part. The real reason of this situation is the prevailing monopolies of
separate groups in scientific society (that cling to their official positions
and possibilities to control financial resources), the absence of discussions
and, as result, in absence of progress. Some scientists agree with such point
of view. It is illustrated at the project site. The project authors proposals
(here we illustrate some of them only. Detail information see at the project
site
(http://electrochemist2.narod.ru/index.html)
are illustrated bellow:
1) Every highly tailored scientific journal
must have different free and public subject discussion forums, located at its
Internet Web site. Authors can public papers at the journal site, or inform
editor board about their sites where submitted paper is located. The journal site must have public archives,
containing all submitted papers located at every discussion forum. The storage
time of submitted papers in the archive mast be unlimited (all papers can be
copied at the united database of Academy of Science or corresponding scientific
communities.). This archive will decrease, at least partly, plagiarism and
redundancy (unfortunately, the submission of similar results in different
journals is an usual technique for obtaining more elevated “rankings” and C.V.)
in scientific community.
2) All submitted papers must be published
without any review (forum members can evaluate them some time later) or with
minimum review. The journal editor can remove rejected paper to the folder “Rejected
papers”. He must inform all forum readers about this facts and its reasons. So,
any reader of the journal can read such rejected paper and make his/her own
conclusion about the paper. The papers will be published at the discussion
forum site just after submission. The author is responsible for both his
submitted results and their representation form (orthographic, syntactic,
stylistic errors).
3) The members of the discussion forum takes a
decision about the scientific meaning of a submitted paper based on public
discussion (one proposal is to take into account the points of view of
scientists which have corresponding scientific degree only. Other proposal is
to take into account the points of view of all scientists which have enough
practice in the corresponding field of science). Papers, approved by discussion
forum and accepted at electronic journal at any country must be described as
scientific papers by all dissertation councils. The transfer a paper at the
folder “Rejected Papers” and even it removal from the electronic journal (if
author agree with this action) as a result of the discussion.
4)
Unclassified dissertations materials must be sited at the journals’
(scientific organizations) sites for public discussion on the discussion forums
by all scientists interested in them. The scientific results of these
discussions must be taken into account during the defense of dissertations,
other scientific degrees, and research programs.
5) The
best papers of the discussion forums are published at the journals after
editing (orthographic, syntactic, stylistic). Thus, only best papers will be
published in any scientific journal.
Authors call all their colleagues to discuss
this theme at the site:
http://electrochemist2.narod.ru/index.html
Professor, chief of organic catalysis
laboratory
(Chemical Department of Moscow State
University),
editor-in-chief of the journal “Journal of Russian
Chemical Society called by the name of D.I.
Mendeleev”
Georgiy Vasilievich Lisichkin civilly agree to
comment this problem.
The
review process is the basis of a good journal.
Discussion
First off all, I’d like to note that the letter authors attempt to improve the system of the publication of scientific papers (including the papers containing new ideas) must be saluted. The are undoubtedly right when say that it is necessary to use new possibilities (that are given by the electronic communication facilities). However, concrete authors proposals provoke my objections.
I’d like to note (at the beginning), that my notes are concerned with
the Russian chemical journals, because I well know the situation, concerned
with scientific publication at this field. I can’t judge about situation in
other fields, in medicine particularly, because I assume that situation (in
these fields) aren’t univocal.
Let start from the
statement that there is a big retention interval from the moment of paper
submission to it publication. It is the reason of the poverty of Russian
science and accordingly our scientific journals. It is necessary to have
additional staff (editors, typesetters, makers-up, adjustors) to make such
retention interval equal to 3-4 months (it is the time that is necessary for
the release delta and polygraphic works). It is necessary to pay adequate hire
to all of them.
It is necessary to pay adequate fee (for the fast review) to reviewers
that mainly work on a voluntary basis. It is one of the reasons of a big
retention interval from paper submission to it publication. It will be useful
to increase the journals volume and their numbers during a year. For example,
“Russian chemical journal – Journal of the Russian Chemical Society called by
the name of D.I.Mendeleev” have not state or any other systematic financial
support. It is the reason why retention interval is equal from 3 months to 1
year.
Now
about reviewers. Of course, the knowledge of any scientific worker is limited,
but the fact that a paper is evaluated by limited number of reviewers (but not
“all world”) is right. It is so, because reviewers are specially selected
scientists which have highest qualification. Every journal, as a rule, is proud
of his reviewers. Furthermore, editors select reviewers, also, on the basis of
their human merits (they must be well-wishing, patient and, composed people).
Two (or even four in some journals), but not one reviewers review (at the same
time) every submitted paper in serious scientific journals to prevent any
subjectivism. Only the system of careful review is the basis of good reputation
of the journal. Interesting, high level journal – is the journal where any
paper was reviewed by two reviewers at least. You can compare, for example,
“Langmuir” with any departamental collection of articles (here the author, by
himself, must send to editors a review).
The problem of anonymity is very far-fetched very largely. In some
journals, for example “Sorosovsky Educational Journal” the review is open. Most
of editors propose choice right to reviewers, but not force them sign their
notes. Reviewers don’t hide their names very often. It is impossible to demand
complete and absolute openness of all reviewers, because there are some people
which have unstable psyche and which are looped on their “super problems”. The
open review of such people papers can to represent a danger (to reviewer) to
devote all his (reviewer) future life to sterile discussions with this
inadequate person. It is known tragic cases murder of reviewers.
A good paper written by unknown author (without well-known boss, as
co-author) will be published if it really good. It is the real problem to
refuse (in publication) when well-known “boss” is between co-authors. However,
it don’t mean that the paper of unknown scientists will be not accepted. The
example when reviewer rejected (50 years ago) Belousov’s paper (devoted to
oscillation reactions) is illustrated every time in such cases. It is necessary
to note, that science become more democratic during last time. There are many
journals publishing papers, devoted to similar themes now. Thus, Boris
Pavlovich Belousov can to submit his paper to 5 Russian journals (and to some
number of foreign journals), at least, if he was rejected at the “Russian
Journal of Physical Chemistry” now. At time when he lived he had only one
possibility – to publish his paper at the “Russian Journal of Physical
Chemistry” only. He had not possibility to publish his paper at foreign
journals, because he worked at the secret institute. Thus, it is more easier to
publish revolutionary paper now, in comparison with time 50 years ago. However,
revolutions in science take place very rarely, but not often as think the
project authors.
It is the solution, also, of a problem when highly tailored journals
don’t accept papers devoted to adjacent themes/branch of science. The
academician O.M. Nefedov founded and leaded the journal «Mendeleev
communications» that publish papers from any fields of chemistry. Time delay
(between submission and publication) is equal to 4 months. It accept papers
from any fields of chemistry and publish them on English at once. The papers,
submitted to this journal is reviewed by Russian and English specialists. This
journal was specially created for the fust publication of good papers. Another
journal (“Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chemical series”) presents
all fields of chemistry, also, and papers size can be enough big. . Time delay
(between submission and publication) is equal to 6-7 months. The third journal
“Progress of Chemistry” publishes reviews on all fields and, some time,
problematic themes, devoted to new ideas. These journals are the journals of
Academy of Sciences. Them accept any papers from institutes of higher
education, applied-research scientific research institutes. The submitted paper
must be good only. All these journals have high (in comparison with other
Russian journals) impact factor.
(The scientific journals level is evaluated by means of impact factor,
that is determined by the American Institute of Scientific Information. Its
value is depends on often cited papers number in the journal. Russian journals
have low impact factor, but this fact isn’t the consequence of level of Russian
science. This low impact factor is the consequence of language barrier (the
number of these journals readers is very small), and Americans assurance that
all science are made in USA. – “Chemistry and Life” editor camment).
When can I agree with the project authors? A paper is confronted with
such opposition level that proportional to its (paper) novelty level. People
are working within the bounds of common paradigm and usual work is more easy
then revolutionary. We tried to solve this problem 12 years ago at our “
Journal of the Russian Chemical Society called by the name of D.I.Mendeleev”.
At 1994 we started to publish the special journal number with the motto “New
ideas and hypothesises”. We wanted to give possibility to publish their papers
to all people which devised or developed anything cardinally new. We specially
“decreased barrier” for the authors of such papers and even don’t demanded detail
confirmation of their idea or hypothesis (for facilitation of their task). The
new ideas must be correspond to conservation laws, don’t have any
self-contradictions and to have cause-and-effect relations only. From 1994 to 2003 it ware published 10 such journal
numbers. We created the first such number by ourselves. However, drift takes
place then and we were forced to reject 50% of submitted papers, because they
don’t correspond to our simplest demands. Our editorial board cruelly rejected
some paper, which author insisted that 8,5 millions kilocalories are released
during the decomposition of 1 kg of Na2Si3O7 (so
called silicate energetics). However this gibberish was published in one
scientific journal, in one popular science journal and in tens departmental
journals. We carefully studied all published papers after we published journal
number 10 (each of them contains 15 papers). The result of this analysis was
published at the “ Journal of the Russian Chemical Society called by the name
of D.I.Mendeleev” ¹ 2, 2003. It was founded that, only 15% percents of papers
have essential novelty. It isn’t so much as was waited by the authors of this
project. So, we don’t publish such numbers now, but we publish such papers in
current journal numbers in the rubric “New ideas and hypothesises”. Some of
such papers are really interesting and don’t corresponded to the present
concepts. For example, we have published very non-trivial S.E. Shnolia papers,
devoted to the fine structure of the radioactive decay. Opposite example is
when we rejected a paper, devoted to the transmutation of elements in the
electric discharge (electric spark). This paper was rejected because absence of
clear confirmations of the flowing of reactions, but not because the energetic
level (in the accordance with well known physical lows) is small for nuclear
reactions. Any experiment must be reproductible and it is very important
criterion. The theme devoted to the reproductible of experiments merits to the
separate discussion.
Now about the open publications at the sites. There aren’t any doubts
that big number of scientific journals will appear in the Internet at the
nearest time. This process have begun now. The time delay (between submission
and publication) will be smaller in such journals (in comparison with usual
journals). However, one can confidently assert that the quality of electronic
journals will be formed by the level of its reviewers (by specialists, exactly,
but not by the voting of readers as offering the project authors). The truth
isn’t determined by a majority vote.
Discussion forums, as I think, it are very
useful. We want to organize such forum at our site for the discussion of new
ideas. We must don’t do any organizational conclusions from these discussions,
but just to take them into consideration.
The main problem, now, is small accessibility
of foreign scientific journals for Russian scientists. The printing versions of
these journals are very expensive. There isn’t, practically, even one library
that can be subscribed to complete list of chemical journals. Institutes of
higher education and Scientific Research institutes have not financial
resources for the access to electronic versions of scientific journals. The
main problem is financial problem (like in the case of time delay).
Full text electronic versions of some our
journals, for example “ Journal of the Russian Chemical Society called by the
name of D.I.Mendeleev”, are free illustrated at the Internet (http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/journals/jvho/welcome.html),
but publication of electronic versions only is premature. First of all our
universities don’t describe the publications at electronic journals as
scientific paper that can be used as links at dissertation or other paper. They
scarcely agree that “they must describe” such papers as scientific papers. Who
force them to do it? By the way, the quality of Russian electronic journals are
essentially smaller then the quality of corresponding printing journals.
Secondly, the time of the life of the printing journal version is bigger in
comparison with the time of life of the corresponding electronic journal
version. I am not sure that electronic versions of scientific journals (in
Internet) can have enough time of life. It maybe this situation will change in
future.
Additional
information from the “Chemistry and Life” editor board:
We decided don’t study this situation (with scientific publications) at
the other fields of science. Chemistry is our field of science. However, we
asked (about this problem) two famous medicine professors which have well known
name in the medicine field. It was found that time delay (between submission
and publication) is more bigger (1, 5 year is very big lucky). Their fields of
view, concerned with review process are similar: the review process is need to
eliminate the number of poor papers, that number is very big. They admit, also,
that even well-wishing reviewer can
don’t read submitted paper during 2 month, because he/she is very busy. They
also agree that it is very difficult to refuse to accept a paper when one
co-author is well known person.
The question about the ideas conflicting with common conceptions is very
dangerous. The medicine is mainly descriptive and statistical science and so
filed for the fantasy is essentially more. However, our interlocutors were
unanimous that “why not if a paper is reasoned?”.
A small accessibility of scientific information is the reason of serious
anxiety. So, they think that idea of parallel publication of papers (in
electronic journals) isn’t insensible. Such method was used by biologists in
the program “Genome of human”. All news were set at the site and time delay was
equal to 0. It maybe it is the method of future science.
Editor board note: the open folder
“Rejected papers” maybe very useful. There will be no offended persons.
However, only independent professional reviewer must transfer rejected papers
to this folder, but not discussion forum. It is very difficult image that
active scientists will have any time to control (on a voluntary basis) all
submitted papers.
Electronic
science is accessible for all.
V. Blagutina
Discussion.
It is necessary to note that West scientists worried essentially early.
The main their problem was accessibility of scientific information. The price
of the subscription (on scientific journals) increased 3 times more during last
10 years. So, libraries were forced to refuse to subscribe to most of journals.
Scientific journals publishers make no secret of the fact that scientific
journals publication is very profitable business. For example, The American
Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) finances most of its projects by
means of profit, concerned with the publication of the journal “Science”.
All begun from private initiative. At 1991 Internet server www.arxiv.org start its function. It offers to
send physical papers and make from them free public archive. This site is
increased now and it become the main scientific library not only in physics,
but in informatics, astronomy and mathematics. About half of all papers (in
physics) are sended at this server now before their publication in printing
form. About 2000 papers appear at the arxiv.org during every month and more
than 140000 people visit this database during every day.
United free public medicine electronic database (PubMed Central) was
created at 2000. Its aim is to collect all papers in one place and lighten the
information search for scientists. PubMed Central call all journals to send to
him all published papers as soon as
possible (maybe half of year or year after publication). Big number of
publishers don’t want to send their published papers to anywhere even they
(publishers) make these journals free and public at their journals web sites
after some time. Some journals have agree to send their published papers to
PubMed Central. So, the process has begun.
Public scientific library
(Public Library of Science – PloS) was founded at October 2000. It is coalition
of scientists – researchers which have the main aim – to make world science and
medicine literature open for all. They prepared open letter signed by about
34000 scientists from 180 countries. This letter contained their demand to open
(in Internet) scientific papers (half year after their publication) for all. It
was offered to found a special electronic archive (with search service),
containing full text electronic versions of all published (in English) papers.
Anybody must found (in this archive) any information, concerned with results of
scientific research. Scientists, signed this letter threaten with boycott to
publishers if they don’t react to this action. Nature» and «Science» organized
electronic discussions at their sites. Some of publishers started to think
about taking money from authors, but not from readers. As a result any
revolutionary change was not, but some scientific journals begun to open their
published papers for all.
As a result of this turmoil PloS got grant that used for the foundation
electronic scientific resource (www.publiclibraryofscience.org)
where 2 virtual scientific journals are published now: “Biology” (from 2003)
and “Medicine” (from 2004). All papers published in these journals (now its
number is about 200) are accessible and free for all. Publishers take money
from authors which want to publish their papers. Publication price is not small
and it equal to 1500 USA dollars/paper. The submitted papers are necessarily
reviewed by “most qualified and
respected (in corresponding scientific fields) scientists”. The editor board of
a journal can postpone payment, cancel it or take its part only if author has
not money (and reviewer agree). The paper published in such electronic journal
is considered as full value scientific paper (for the quoting). The journal
“Biology” hopes to get a high impact factor to this summer. This public library
have a plan to begin publication 5 additional journals (concerned with biology,
genetics and medicine) at the nearest year.
The American Chemical Society begun expand access to scientific papers,
publishing in 33 their scientific journals. Part of the papers (that are made
on the basis of grants of National Institute of Helth) will be sended at the
open Internet portal “National Medicine Library” (PubMed Central) 12 month
after their publication. Furthermore full text of all papers will be accessible
by means of web links, controlled by authors. This additional option is more democratic
in comparison with the present time optiona when it is possible download only
50 copies of a paper 1 year after it publication (09.03.2005, agency Newswise).
Belshtein Institute declared about the beginning publication (at 2005)
the new free electronic journal, concerned with organic chemistry. This journal
(electronic version with full open access) will be published by means of join
support of Belshtein Institute and
BioMed Central. BioMed Central publish, now, about 130 journals. You can free
read them in Internet. The new organic chemistry journal will be included in
this portal (that has good search system). New Belshtein journal will publish
original papers from all fields of organic chemistry and adjacent fields. Such
form gives possibility to all chemists to become familiar with their colleagues
papers. The papers will be at the continuous online access form, but their one
year archive will sell. Belshtein Institute will finance publication accounts,
so papers authors don’t need to pay for their papers publication. (11.03.2005,
AlphaGalileo).
Click here if you want to read
Alexander Shagaev notes, concerned with this articles.